Manchester United got their Women's Super League campaign

Manchester United got their Women's Super League campaign off to a perfect start with a comfortable 2-0 win over Reading at Leigh Sports Village. The hosts took a good 20 minutes to settle but after gaining the upper hand, outclassed their opponents in Marc Skinner's first game in charge. After upping their share of possession, United took the lead five minutes before the break when Kirsty Hanson latched on to Ella Toone's precise through ball to slide past Grace Moloney. The 23-year-old demonstrated great composure in front of goal, stroking the ball home with the outside of her left foot as Moloney came out to narrow the ankle. United continued to assert their dominance in the second half, but could easily have been pegged back when Brooke Chaplen thundered a shot off the underside of the crossbar. Replays showed the ball had probably crossed the line, but with goal-line technology not in operation, United were able to get back in the driving seat and put the game beyond Reading. Their second goal, and her first for the club, came from Ona Batlle, who after linking up with Toone, powered the ball home with her weaker right foot, rewarding initial good work from Leah Galton. Reading were unable to trouble Mary Earps thereafter, as United opened their season in style. Here's how both sets of players rated on the night...
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Miralem Pjanic criticises Ronald Koeman following Barcelona exit

Miralem Pjanic has hit out at Ronald Koeman following his loan move to Besiktas, insisting that the Barcelona coach 'disrespected' him during his time at Camp Nou. The Bosnian midfielder completed a loan move to Besiktas on Thursday evening, agreeing a 60% reduction of his salary - with the Turkish champions paying €2.75m of his new €3.2m year wage packet and Barca paying the rest - to make the move happen. Speaking to Marca, the midfielder expressed relief at getting his move away from Barca, largely due to how he felt he was treated by Koeman. "Right now, today, I don't know what he wanted exactly," Pjanic said. "He didn't try to explain things to me or find a solution. I would go to ask him what he wanted from me, positionally or what I was doing well or badly. I wanted to adapt as quickly as possible to the team and be useful. "You need 17 or 18 players from a squad to win titles. He didn't have problems with my play and didn't give me answers. Time went on and the situation went from bad to worse, without any reason. "Like I said, I was being professional, so this is difficult to understand. Many people on the inside didn't understand it either. "Then there was this opportunity to leave and I wanted to listen to that, because I need to play. I know what I can bring to a team, but you need confidence and dialogue and things to be said to your face. "I'd have preferred things to be said to me directly, but it was what it was. It was a very odd way of communicating and it's the first time I've ever experienced this. I've had a very good relationship with all of my coaches. I don't know what happened, I honestly don't know. He didn't want responsibility or confrontation, because I guess that couldn't be handled." Ronald Koeman, Miralem Pjanic Koeman and Pjanic on the toucheline / Quality Sport Images/Getty Images Pjanic also revealed that the Barcelona head coach didn't even welcome him to the club when he'd signed from Juventus in place of Arthur last summer. "My situation was complicated from the beginning. I got there after two weeks away, started to train little by little, alone, to prepare myself to start with my teammates. Three, four, seven, 10 days went by and the coach never came to talk about the season, about me, to speak about anything" The midfielder will be hoping for a much more enjoyable spell at new club Besiktas, whom he is set to make his debut for against Yeni Malatyaspor on 11th September.
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Manchester United close to appointing Ed Woodward replacement

Manchester United have decided to hire group managing director Richard Arnold as their new chief executive, bringing an end to their search for Ed Woodward's replacement. Woodward announced in April 2021 that he would be leaving the Red Devils at the end of the year, after the club's failed attempt to form the breakaway European Super League led to major fan protests and calls for change at the top of the club. Richard Arnold Arnold is set to become the new chief executive / Fred Lee/Getty Images The club have been deliberating over the chief executive's successor for the past four months, and they have finally found Woodward's replacement. According to Sky Sports, Man Utd's group managing director Arnold will take over from the unpopular Woodward, and the decision could be officially confirmed as early as next month. Arnold has fended off competition from two other candidates, both of whom currently work as executives at the club. His announcement - and Woodward's subsequent departure - will continue the feel-good factor buzzing around the club, after the Red Devils turned a corner off the back of a difficult 2020/21 season off the pitch. Friction between the supporters, the owners and the club's hierarchy reached new heights in April, after the Glazers, along with Woodward, masterminded Man Utd's entry into the heavily criticised European Super League. This shock decision stunned the Red Devils fan base into action, as they staged mass protests against the running of the club, leading to Woodward's resignation. Supporters even caused a Premier League game against Liverpool to be postponed, preventing the team bus from reaching the stadium, and storming the pitch prior to kick-off. Those protests forced the Glazers to reassess their running of the club, and they later announced a new scheme that would introduce a fan-ownership element into the decision-making at the top. They then spent big in the summer, signing Jadon Sancho and Raphael Varane, before bringing superstar Cristiano Ronaldo back to the club. Confirmation of Woodward's impending exit will only add to the feeling of positivity around the club at the moment.
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Earth Science

 

Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical and chemical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. Earth science encompasses four main branches of study, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere, each of which is further broken down into more specialized fields.

There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about earth processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to plan communities that will not expose people to these dangerous events.

The Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geology, chronology, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth works and evolves. Earth science affects our everyday lives. For example, meteorologists study the weather and watch for dangerous storms. Hydrologists study water and warn of floods. Seismologists study earthquakes and try to understand where they will strike. Geologists study rocks and help to locate useful minerals. Earth scientists often work in the field—perhaps climbing mountains, exploring the seabed, crawling through caves, or wading in swamps. They measure and collect samples (such as rocks or river water), then they record their findings on charts and maps.

Fields of study

The following fields of science are generally categorized within the Earth sciences:

Earth's interior

A volcanic eruption is the release of stored energy from below Earth's surface.[8]

Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust.[9]

Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of magma which is in a state of semi-perpetual convection. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics.[10][11][12][13]

Plate tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the Earth is resurfaced. As the result of seafloor spreading, new crust and lithosphere is created by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through fissures, where it cools and solidifies. Through subduction, oceanic crust and lithosphere returns to the convecting mantle.[11][13][14]

Areas of the crust where new crust is created are called divergent boundaries, those where it is brought back into the Earth are convergent boundaries and those where plates slide past each other, but no new lithospheric material is created or destroyed, are referred to as transform (or conservative) boundaries[11][13][15] Earthquakes result from the movement of the lithospheric plates, and they often occur near convergent boundaries where parts of the crust are forced into the earth as part of subduction.[16]

Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material. Crust material that is forced into the asthenosphere melts, and some portion of the melted material becomes light enough to rise to the surface—giving birth to volcanoes.[11][16]

Earth's atmosphere

Main article: Atmosphere of Earth
The magnetosphere shields the surface of Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind.
(image not to scale.)

The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon. In addition to the nitrogen, oxygen, and argon there are small amounts of other gases including CO2 and water vapor.[17] Water vapor and CO2 allow the Earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.[18] This allows Earth's surface to be warm enough to have liquid water and support life. In addition to storing heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the Earth's surface from cosmic rays—which are often incorrectly thought to be deflected by the magnetic field.[19] The magnetic field—created by the internal motions of the core—produces the magnetosphere which protects Earth's atmosphere from the solar wind.[20] As the Earth is 4.5 billion years old,[21] it would have lost its atmosphere by now if there were no protective magnetosphere.

Earth's magnetic field

An electromagnet is a magnet that is created by an electric current.[22] The Earth has a solid iron inner core surrounded by a fluid outer core that convects;[23] therefore, Earth is an electromagnet. The motion of fluid convection sustains the Earth's magnetic field.[23][24]

Methodology

Methodologies vary depending on the nature of the subjects being studied. Studies typically fall into one of three categories: observational, experimental, or theoretical. Earth scientists often conduct sophisticated computer analysis or visit an interesting location to study earth phenomena (e.g. Antarctica or hot spot island chains).

A foundational idea in Earth science is the notion of uniformitarianism, which states that "ancient geologic features are interpreted by understanding active processes that are readily observed."[citation needed] In other words, any geologic processes at work in the present have operated in the same ways throughout geologic time. This enables those who study Earth's history to apply knowledge of how Earth processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved and changed throughout long history.

Earth's spheres

Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere;[25] these correspond to rocks, water, air and life. Also included by some are the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere and the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere.

Partial list of the major Earth science topics

Further information: Outline of Earth sciences

Atmosphere

Biosphere

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere (geosphere)

Pedosphere

Systems

Others

See also

References


  1. Earth's Spheres Archived August 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ©1997–2000. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future. Retrieved November 11, 2007.

Sources

Further reading

  • Allaby M., 2008. Dictionary of Earth Sciences, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-921194-4
  • Korvin G., 1998. Fractal Models in the Earth Sciences, Elsvier, ISBN 978-0-444-88907-2
  • "Earth's Energy Budget". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 1996–2004. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  • Miller, George A.; Christiane Fellbaum; and Randee Tengi; and Pamela Wakefield; and Rajesh Poddar; and Helen Langone; Benjamin Haskell (2006). "WordNet Search 3.0". WordNet a lexical database for the English language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University/Cognitive Science Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  • "NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Geodesy". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  • Reed, Christina (2008). Earth Science: Decade by Decade. New York, NY: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5533-3.
  • Tarbuck E. J., Lutgens F. K., and Tasa D., 2002. Earth Science, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-035390-0

External links

  • Adams & Lambert 2006, p. 20

  • Smith & Pun 2006, p. 5

  • "WordNet Search – 3.1". princeton.edu.

  • "NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Global Positioning Tutorial". noaa.gov.

  • Elissa Levine, 2001, The Pedosphere As A Hub broken link? Archived October 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

  • Gardiner, Duane T. "Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils?". ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2019-01-07.

  • Craig, Kendall. "Hydrology of the Watershed".

  • Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press, London, 2000

  • "Earth's Energy Budget". ou.edu.

  • Simison 2007, paragraph 7

  • Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 94–95, 100, 102

  • Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 13–17, 218, G-6

  • Oldroyd 2006, pp. 101,103,104

  • Smith & Pun 2006, p. 327

  • Smith & Pun 2006, p. 331

  • Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 325–26, 329

  • Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 107–08

  • American Heritage, p. 770

  • Parker, Eugene (March 2006), Shielding Space (PDF), Scientific American

  • Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 21–22

  • Smith & Pun 2006, p. 183

  • American Heritage, p. 576

  • Oldroyd 2006, p. 160

  • Demorest, Paul (2001-05-21). "Dynamo Theory and Earth's Magnetic Field" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-17.

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